[{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"Article","@id":"https:\/\/www.pallo.cz\/vedci-objevy-a-vedecke-teorie\/#Article","mainEntityOfPage":"https:\/\/www.pallo.cz\/vedci-objevy-a-vedecke-teorie\/","headline":"V\u011bdci, objevy a v\u011bdeck\u00e9 teorie","name":"V\u011bdci, objevy a v\u011bdeck\u00e9 teorie","description":"Hovo\u0159\u00edme-li o historii v\u011bdy, mus\u00edme se pod\u00edvat na historii objev\u016f. Za n\u011b vd\u011b\u010d\u00edme velk\u00fdm sv\u011btov\u00fdm v\u011bdc\u016fm \u010di objevitel\u016fm, kte\u0159\u00ed m\u011bli geni\u00e1ln\u00ed a origin\u00e1ln\u00ed my\u0161lenky a dok\u00e1zali ov\u011b\u0159it a prok\u00e1zat jejich pravdivost. To v\u0161e vedlo k u\u017eite\u010dn\u00fdm vyn\u00e1lez\u016fm, z nich\u017e mnoh\u00e9 prov\u00e1zej\u00ed n\u00e1\u0161 ka\u017edodenn\u00ed \u017eivot, jin\u00e9 n\u00e1m pomohly pochopit sv\u011bt kolem n\u00e1s, vznik...","datePublished":"2020-02-20","dateModified":"2023-05-30","author":{"@type":"Person","@id":"https:\/\/www.pallo.cz\/author\/#Person","name":"","url":"https:\/\/www.pallo.cz\/author\/","identifier":1,"image":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/b70ca3e57a61efa655568ea1bab21ec867ae74beaf8b182b9ca53fe6fcb8cee7?s=96&d=mm&r=g","url":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/b70ca3e57a61efa655568ea1bab21ec867ae74beaf8b182b9ca53fe6fcb8cee7?s=96&d=mm&r=g","height":96,"width":96}},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"pallo.cz","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"\/logo.png","url":"\/logo.png","width":600,"height":60}},"image":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/www.pallo.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/img_a370913_w4224_t1582607266.jpg","url":"https:\/\/www.pallo.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/img_a370913_w4224_t1582607266.jpg","height":0,"width":0},"url":"https:\/\/www.pallo.cz\/vedci-objevy-a-vedecke-teorie\/","about":["V\u011bda"],"wordCount":644,"articleBody":"Hovo\u0159\u00edme-li o historii v\u011bdy, mus\u00edme se pod\u00edvat na historii objev\u016f. Za n\u011b vd\u011b\u010d\u00edme velk\u00fdm sv\u011btov\u00fdm v\u011bdc\u016fm \u010di objevitel\u016fm, kte\u0159\u00ed m\u011bli geni\u00e1ln\u00ed a origin\u00e1ln\u00ed my\u0161lenky a dok\u00e1zali ov\u011b\u0159it a prok\u00e1zat jejich pravdivost. To v\u0161e vedlo k u\u017eite\u010dn\u00fdm vyn\u00e1lez\u016fm, z nich\u017e mnoh\u00e9 prov\u00e1zej\u00ed n\u00e1\u0161 ka\u017edodenn\u00ed \u017eivot, jin\u00e9 n\u00e1m pomohly pochopit sv\u011bt kolem n\u00e1s, vznik \u010di smysl \u017eivota a dokonce i vesm\u00edr.\tKoloKolo je star\u0161\u00ed v\u00edc ne\u017e sedm tis\u00edc let a s nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed pravd\u011bpodobnost\u00ed ho vynalezli sta\u0159\u00ed Sumerov\u00e9. Kolo je vlastn\u011b nejv\u00fdznamn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed vyn\u00e1lez z cel\u00e9 historie techniky. Nejstar\u0161\u00ed zachoval\u00e9 d\u0159ev\u011bn\u00e9 kolo o pr\u016fm\u011bru 72 centimetr\u016f bylo nalezeno v ba\u017ein\u011b v bl\u00edzkosti Lublan\u011b. Nejstar\u0161\u00ed vyobrazen\u00ed kola poch\u00e1z\u00ed z Ir\u00e1ku, nejstar\u0161\u00ed zobrazen\u00ed vozu se \u010dty\u0159mi koly bylo nalezeno na zvoncovit\u00e9m poh\u00e1ru, a to v Polsku v bl\u00edzkosti Krakova.Postupem \u010dasu vznikaly nov\u00e9 a nov\u00e9 konstrukce kol, co\u017e vedlo v 19. stolet\u00ed k v\u00fdznamn\u00e9mu rozvoji stroj\u00edrenstv\u00ed a silni\u010dn\u00ed a \u017eelezni\u010dn\u00ed dopravy.\tAutomobilPrvn\u00ed silni\u010dn\u00ed vozidlo s vlastn\u00edm parn\u00edm pohonem zkonstruoval v roce 1769 Francouz Nicolas Cugnot. V 80. letech 19. stolet\u00ed – nez\u00e1visle na sob\u011b – vynalezli N\u011bmci Gottlieb Daimler a Karl Benz benz\u00ednov\u00fd motor; Benz si nechal v roce 1885 patentovat motorov\u00fd v\u016fz o t\u0159ech kolech – byl to prvn\u00ed automobil poh\u00e1n\u011bn\u00fd \u010dty\u0159dob\u00fdm benz\u00ednov\u00fdm motorem, s elektrick\u00fdm zapalov\u00e1n\u00edm, chlazen\u00edm pomoc\u00ed kapaliny a karbur\u00e1torem. Od t\u00e9to doby se datuje historie automobil\u016f.\tGravita\u010dn\u00ed z\u00e1konZ\u00e1kon v\u0161eobecn\u00e9 gravitace objevil anglick\u00fd v\u011bdec Isaac Newton. Uv\u00e1d\u00ed se, \u017ee tato geni\u00e1ln\u00ed my\u0161lenka ho napadla, kdy\u017e le\u017eel pod stromem a na hlavu mu spadlo jablko. V\u011bdecky vych\u00e1zel z pohybu M\u011bs\u00edce kolem Zem\u011b a planet kolem Slunce a na tomto z\u00e1klad\u011b vytvo\u0159it teorii o p\u0159ita\u017elivosti gravita\u010dn\u00edch sil. Newton formuloval celkem t\u0159i z\u00e1kony o pohybu – dal\u0161\u00ed dva jsou: z\u00e1kon setrva\u010dnosti a z\u00e1kon akce a reakce.\tArchimed\u016fv z\u00e1kon o vztlakuStaro\u0159eck\u00fd u\u010denec Archimedes p\u0159i\u0161el na d\u016fle\u017eitou z\u00e1konitost v hydrostatice, kter\u00e1 se t\u00fdk\u00e1 vztlaku, jen\u017e p\u016fsob\u00ed na t\u011blesa v kapalin\u00e1ch i plynech. Vyn\u00e1lez je op\u011bt spojen s n\u00e1hodn\u00fdm pozorov\u00e1n\u00edm –  p\u0159et\u00e9k\u00e1n\u00ed vody z vany, v n\u00ed\u017e se koupal. V proud\u00edc\u00ed tekutin\u011b pravidlo neplat\u00ed – krom\u011b statick\u00e9 vztlakov\u00e9 s\u00edly tam maj\u00ed vliv je\u0161t\u011b i s\u00edly dal\u0161\u00ed, a to odporov\u00e1 a dynamick\u00e1 vztlakov\u00e1.\tObecn\u00e1 teorie relativityOtcem t\u00e9to my\u0161lenky byl n\u011bmeck\u00fd fyzik Albert Einstein. Jeho teorie prav\u00ed, \u017ee hmota, prostor ani \u010das nejsou st\u00e1l\u00e9 velikosti, ale m\u011bn\u00ed se podle toho, odkud je pozorujeme a m\u011b\u0159\u00edme. Krom\u011b toho zjistil, \u017ee hmota se m\u011bn\u00ed v energii a naopak. Tento jev je vyj\u00e1d\u0159en Einsteinovou rovnic\u00ed E = mc2, p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e E = energie, m = hmota, c2 = rychlost sv\u011btla na druhou.\tDNAV roce 1953 v\u011bdci – biologov\u00e9 James Watson a Francis Crick popsali poprv\u00e9 prostorovou strukturu DNA. Objevili toti\u017e, \u017ee bu\u0148ky v\u0161ech \u017eiv\u00fdch organism\u016f jsou tvo\u0159eny slo\u017eit\u00fdmi molekulami kyseliny deoxyribonukleov\u00e9, a to v p\u0159esn\u00e9m sestaven\u00ed z dvojit\u00fdch spir\u00e1l, takzvan\u00fdch dvou\u0161roubovic. Tyto vl\u00e1knov\u00e9 molekuly se nach\u00e1z\u00ed v bun\u011b\u010dn\u00e9m j\u00e1dru a jsou v nich zak\u00f3dov\u00e1ny ve\u0161ker\u00e9 genetick\u00e9 informace.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         4.6\/5 - (7 votes)        "},{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BreadcrumbList","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"V\u011bdci, objevy a v\u011bdeck\u00e9 teorie","item":"https:\/\/www.pallo.cz\/vedci-objevy-a-vedecke-teorie\/#breadcrumbitem"}]}]